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GermanBahasa Melayu Malay is a Western Malayo-Polynesian member of the Austronesian language family spoken by approximately 47% of the population of Malaysia. Speakers are principally located within Malaysia with
smaller populations in Brunei, Indonesia, Myanmar, Singapore and Thailand. Alternative names for Malay include Bahasa Malaysia, Bahasa Malayu, Malayu, Melaju, Melayu and Standard Malay.
(less...) Bali, also known as Balinese, is a Western Malayo-Polynesian member of the Austronesian language family spoken on the island of Bali, northern Nusapenida,
western Lombok Islands, east Java and south Sulawesi.
(less...) Belarusan is an Easter-Slavic memeber of the Indo-European language family spoken by approximately 10.2 million people principally in Belarus with smaller populations in 15 other countries.
Belarusan is also known as Belarusian, Belorussian, Bielorussian, White Russian, White Ruthenian and Byelorussian.
(less...) The Beothuk language is thought by most to have been an Algonquian language, but data is limited and its affiliation isn't known for certain.
Berber Tamazight is a Northern Berber language of southern Morocco and northern Algeria, also known as Central Shilha, Middle Atlas Berber, Shilha. This category is for noncommercial and informative sites
about Tamazight. This includes scientific considerations, educational resources, and reference materials.
(less...) This is the English-based pidgin of Vanuatu. It is also known as Bichelamar. Tok Pisin of Papua New Guinea and Pijin of the Solomon Islands are closely related. French has had some minor influence
on Bislama, since Vanuatu was formerly a colony of both England and France.
(less...) This is the language of African-Americans in North America. It is also known as Ebonics.
Blackfoot Blackfoot is the Algonquian language of the Blood, Peigan (Piikani) and Siksika tribes in southern Alberta and Northern Montana. It is currently polarizing into generationally
distinct dialects of Old Blackfoot and New Blackfoot.
(less...) Breton, also called Brezhoneg, is a Brythonic-Celtic member of the Indo-European language family spoken regularly by approximately 500,000 people and known by as many as 1.2 million speakers mainly
based in Western Brittany with smaller communities in Eastern Brittany and in other countries.
(less...) British Sign Language (BSL) is the visual language used by profoundly Deaf people in the UK
Bulgarian Bulgarian, also known as Balgarski, is a South Slavic member of the Indo-European language family spoken by approximately 9 million people mainly in Bulgaria with smaller populations in Canada,
Greece, Hungary, Israel, Moldova, Romania, Turkey, Ukraine, the United States and the region of the former Republic of Yugoslavia.
(less...) Material on the Burmese language.
Burushaski Burushaski is a language isolate spoken by approximately 60,000 people primarily in Pakistan and parts of India. It is also known as Brushaski, Burushaki,
Burucaki, Burushki, Burucaski, Biltum, Khajuna and Kunjut.
(less...)Neigbour categories
Afro-Asiatic Afro-Asiatic languages are spoken by various communities from a large area in West Africa centered around Lake Chad (Chadic), all the way across North Africa (Berber) into Egypt (Egyptian), Ethiopia,
and Somalia, and down the Great Rift Valley to the foot of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Cushitic / Omotic). The family crosses over into Western Asia (Semitic), and is also spoken in the Middle East through Palestine and Syria, down around the Arabian Peninsula into Yemen and Oman, and stretching into Iraq. Source
(less...) Ainu, also known as Ainu Itak, is a language isolate spoken by no more than 15 remaining fluent speakers on Hokkaido Island in Japan and Sakhalin Island in Russia.
There are two primary dialects, Tsishima and Sakhalin.
(less...) The following Algic Languages tree is based on the information in the Ethnologue. Algic Languages Algonquian Stock Central Family Cree Branch
Atikamekw (Canada) Central Cree (Canada) Coastal Eastern Cree (Canada) Inland Eastern Cree (Canada) Western Cree (Canada) Montagnais (Canada) Ojibwa Branch Algonquin (Canada) Eastern Ojibwa (Canada) Northern Ojibwa (Canada) Western Ojibwa (Canada) Kikapoo (USA) Menomini (USA) Mesquakie (USA) Miami (USA) Potawatomi (USA) Shawnee (USA) Eastern Family Abenaki-Penobscot (USA) Malecite-Passamaquoddy (Canada) Mi'kmaq (Canada) Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett (USA) Munsee (Canada) Nanticoke (USA) Naskapi (Canada) Powhatan (USA) Unami (USA) Wampanoag (USA) Plains Family Blackfeet (USA) Cheyenne (USA) Arapaho Branch Arapaho (USA) Gros Ventre (USA) Unclassified Algic Family Lumbee (USA) Wiyot Stock Wiyot (USA) Yurok Stock Yurok (USA)
(less...) This is the subcategory for languages native to Australia and the Torres Straits Islands. There are approximately 258 known languages in this family, a large percentage of which are endangered or
extinct. The major families of languages that will be found underneath this category are: Bunaban Burarran Daly Djamindjungan Djeragan Enindhilyagwa Gagudjuan Garawan Gungaraganyan Gunwingguan Laragiyan Mangerrian Maran Nyulnyulan Pama-Nyungan Tiwian West Barkly Wororan Yiwaidjan
(less...) The Austronesian language family is one of the most widely, geographically distributed language groups extending from Madagascar in the west, Easter Island in the east, Hawai`i in the north and New
Zealand in the south. The Austronesian language family comprises of four main branches: Atayalic, Paiwanic, Tsouic and Malayo-Polynesian, the first three of which are found on the island of Formosa (or Taiwan), and therefore placed beneath the top-level category "Formosan". All other languages fall beneath Malayo-Polynesian, which has been subdivided into Eastern, Central and Western language groups.
(less...) Caucasian languages are a group of about forty languages native to the Caucasus region. Spoken in the Northern Caucasia, Transcaucasia and Turkey. Small groups of speakers of Caucasian languages also
live in Syria, Iran and other countries of the Near East. Among the Caucasian languages, only Georgian has ancient literary traditions. Udin has apparently also been a written language in the past. Beginning from the late Middle Ages there were attempts to use the Arab script for writing in a number of Caucasian languages. After the revolution, literary languages were created for Abaza, Adyghe, Avar, Chechen, Dargi, Ingush, Kabardin (Circassian), Lak, Lezghian, and Tabasaran--first on the basis of the Arab and Latin, from the late 1930's, Russian script. During the last years attempts have been made to create writing systems for Aghul, Andi, Bezhta, Dido, Rutul and Tsakhur. Source
(less...) Classical languages are generally considered to be those that have an extensive ancient literature. Some authorities also consider that their literary, cultural or
religious influence should extend to modern societies.
(less...) An ancient little-known language isolate spoken in SW Persia.
Eskimo-Aleutian The following Eskimo-Aleutian Languages tree is based on the information in the Ethnologue. Eskimo-Aleut Languages Aleut Stock Aleut (USA) Eskimo Stock Inuit Family
Eastern Canadian Inuktitut (Canada) Western Canadian (Canada) Greenlandic Inuktitut (Greenland) North Alaskan (USA) Northwest Alaska Iñupiat (USA) Yupik Family Alaskan Branch Central Yupik (USA) Pacific Gulf Yupik (USA) Siberian Branch Central Siberian Yupik (USA) Naukan Yupik (Russia, Asia) Sirenik Yupik (Russia, Asia)
(less...) The following Hokan Languages tree is taken from the Ethnologue. Hokan Languages Esselen-Yuman Stock Yuman Family Cochimí Branch Cochimí (Mexico) Delta-Californian Branch Cocopa (Mexico) Kumiái
(Mexico) Kiliwa Branch Kiliwi (Mexico) Pai Branch Paipai (Mexico) River Yuman Branch Maricopa (USA) Mojave (USA) Quechan (USA) Upland Yuman Branch Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai (USA) Northern Stock Karok-Shasta Family Shasta-Palaihninan Branch Palaihninan Group Achumawi (USA) Atsugewi (USA) Shastan Group Shasta (USA) Karok (USA) Pomo Family Russian River and Eastern Branch Eastern Group Eastern Pomo (USA) Russian River Group Northeastern Pomo (USA) Northern Pomo (USA) Southern Pomo (USA) Central Pomo (USA) Southeastern Pomo (USA) Kashaya (USA) Yana Family Yana (USA) Salinan-Seri Stock Chumash (USA) Salinan (USA) Seri (Mexico) Tequistlatecan Stock Highland Chontal Of Oaxaca (Mexico) Lowland Chontal Of Oaxaca (Mexico) Washo Stock Washo (USA)
(less...) The first systematic theory of the relationships between human languages began when Sir William Jones proposed in 1788 that Greek and Latin, the classical languages of Europe, and Sanskrit, the
classical language of India, had all descended from a common source. The evidence for this came from both the structure of the languages -- Sanskrit grammar has similarities to Greek and to nothing else -- and the vobcabulary of the languages. Thus, "father" in English compares to "Vater" in German, "pater" in Latin, "patêr" in Greek, "pitr." in Sanskrit, "pedar" in Persian, etc. On the other hand, "father" in Arabic is "ab," which hardly seems like any of the others. This became the theory of Indo-European languages, and today the hypothetical language that would be the common source for all Indo-European languages is called Proto-Indo-European. Source
(less...) The following Iroquoian Languages tree is based on the information in the Ethnologue. Iroquoian Languages Iroquoian Stock Northern Iroquoian Family Laurentian (Canada) Five
Nations Branch Mohawk (Canada) Oneida (Canada) Onondaga (Canada) Cayuga (Canada) Seneca (USA) Huron Branch Wyandot (USA) Tuscarora-Nottoway Branch Tuscarora (Canada) Southern Iroquoian Family Tsalagi (USA)
(less...) This category is dedicated to the Japanese language, its complicated written structure of Kanji, Katakana, and Hiragana; its numerous dialects, grammar,
and all other aspects of communication in Japanese.
(less...) Web pages dealing with languages belonging to more than one language family in Africa.
Languages of Eurasia Linguistically oriented web pages devoted to languages belonging to more than one language family of Europe and/or Asia. When the languages are restricted to the Middle East (possibly including
Anatolia, Egypt and adjacent parts of Africa), the site should be classified in the Languages of the Middle East cat.
(less...) Linguistic material related to languages belonging to more than one native language family of
North, Central, or South America, or of the Caribbean.
(less...) This subcat should be reserved to sites discussing languages belonging to more than one family that are spoken, or used to be spoken, in the Middle East (today's Iran, and all parts of Asia to the
west and/or southwest of Iran, including Anatolia and adjacent islands) as well as in Egypt and other parts of the Nile valley. If the languages discussed extend to Central Asia, the Caucasus or parts of Africa outside the Nile valley, this subcat should no longer be considered appropriate.
(less...) Misumalpan languages is a small family of American Indian languages, spoken mostly in eastern Nicaragua and in some adjacent areas of Central America. The biggest
and the most know language of this family is Miskito.
(less...) Created by terpgrrl 12/25/00 Na-Dene Languages Haida Stock Haida (Canada) Tlingit Stock Tlingit (USA) Nuclear Na-Dene Stock Eyak Family Eyak (USA) Athapaskan Family Apachean Branch Kiowa Apache
(USA) Eastern Navajo-Apache Group Jicarilla Apache (USA) Lipan Apache (USA) Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache (USA) Western Navajo-Apache Group Western Apache (USA) Navaho (USA) Canadian Branch Beaver-Sekan Group Beaver (Canada) Sekani (Canada) Carrier-Chilcotin Group Babine (Canada) Southern Carrier (Canada) Carrier (Canada) Chilcotin (Canada) Han-Kutchin Group Gwich'in (USA) Han (USA) Hare-Chipewyan Group Chipewyan (Canada) Dogrib (Canada) Slavey (Canada) Sarcee Group Sarsi (Canada) Ingalik-Koyukon Branch Ingalik Group Degexit'an (USA) Koyukon-Holikachuk Group Holikachuk (USA) Koyukon (USA) California Pacific Coast Group Hupa (USA) Kato (USA) Mattole (USA) Wailaki (USA) Oregon Pacific Coast Group Chetco (USA) Coquille (USA) Galice (USA) Tolowa (USA) Tututni (USA) Tahltan-Kaska Branch Kaska (Canada) Tagish (Canada) Tahltan (Canada) Tanaina-Ahtna Branch Ahtena (USA) Tanaina (USA) Tanana-Upper Kuskokwim Branch Upper Tanana (USA) Tanana (USA) Upper Kuskokwim (USA) Tutchone Branch Tutchone (Canada)
(less...) The Niger-Kordofanian family of languages is one of several language families spoken in Africa. It has two branches, Niger-Congo and Kordofanian. The Kordofanian languages are spoken primarily in
Sudan. Niger-Congo languages are spoken throughout southern and central Africa. Information taken from "African languages," Bartleby.com. http://www.bartleby.com/65/af/Africanlng.html
(less...) Linguistic material on the Nilo-Sahara language phylum, all of whose member languages are spoken in East-Central Africa.
Oto-Manguean Oto-Manguean languages are a large family of Native American languages spoken in Mexico. The family consists of the smaller groups of: Oto-Pamean languages Popolocan languages Mixtecan languages
Zapotecan languages Manguean languages (or Chiapanec-Manguean languages) Chinantecan languages The Amuzgo isolate
(less...) Anything related to the Papuan (or non-Austronesian) languages. These languages are found primarily ont he island of New Guinea, but also on neighboring islands in Indonesia and the Solomon Islands.
Papuan languages are not necessarily genetically related to each other but are characterized by having been established prior to the migration of Austronesian-speaking peoples. Papuan languages often have complex grammars, especially compared to their neighboring Austronesian languages.
(less...) Pidgins are languages that occur when people from two different languages come into contact and form a simplified hybrid language. If a pidgin language lasts long enough, eventually people are born
who use that language as their first language; it then becomes known as a creole. Languages are organized in this category by acrolect (i.e., the contact language with the higher prestige). The acrolect is often European, reflecting the history of colonization, but this is not always the case.
(less...) Material on the so-far unnamed non-Indo-European language(s) that may have been spoken in Greece and adjacent areas before the arrival of the Greeks. Languages of this
group may have survived well into classical times.
(less...) For the languages of the Andes: Quechua, Aymara.
Salish Web pages dealing with the Salish family, or any one of the languages belonging to it. Languages of this family are spoken, or used to be spoken, in the Pacific Northwest
region of North America, both in Canada and the US.
(less...) Sites related to Signed languages used in deaf communities. Sign systems used in contact between deaf and hearing people. Signing to hearing children as a language tool. The
gestural language used between Native American tribes.
(less...) The following Siouan Languages tree is based on the information in the Ethnologue. Siouan Languages Catawba Stock Catawba (USA) Siouan Proper Stock Central Family Mandan Branch Mandan (USA)
Mississippi Valley Branch Chiwere Group Iowa-Otoe (USA) Dakota Group Assiniboine (Canada) Lahkota (USA) Stoney (Canada) Dhegiha Group Kansa (USA) Omaha-Ponca (USA) Osage (USA) Quapaw (USA) Winnebago Group Hocák (USA) Dakota Group Dakota (USA) Missouri Valley Family Crow (USA) Hidatsa (USA) Southeastern Family Biloxi-Ofo Group Biloxi (USA) Ofo (USA) Tutelo Group Tutelo (USA)
(less...) Sumerian was the first written language of ancient Mesopotamia. Its writing was the Cuneiform script, which came to be used for
many other languages of the Middle East and Anatolia.
(less...) The members of the Finno-Ugric (or Uralic) language family are: Baltic-Finnic group: Finnish, Estonian, Karelian, Ludic/Ludian, Veps/Vepsian, Ingrian, Livonian and Votic/Votian; Sami (Lapp): a
group of dialects or closely related languages; Mari (Cheremis); Mordvin: Erzya and Moksha; Permic/Permian group: Komi (Zyryan), Permyak and Udmurt (Votyak); Ugric group: Hungarian, Khanty (Ostyak) and Mansi (Vogul); Samoyedic group: Nenets (Yurak), Enets (Yenisey Samoyed), Nganasan (Tavgy) and Selkup (Ostyak Samoyed). The Samoyedic group is traditionally classified as a separate language family constituting the Uralic group together with Finno-Ugric languages. However, many linguists now use the terms "Finno-Ugric" and "Uralic" as synonyms, and this is is also the naming convention used in the ODP.
(less...)(This section is quite beta and buggy, have patience. Thanks)